:root {
  --research-ink: #0d1a21;
  --research-ink-soft: #34444c;
  --research-paper: #f2efe7;
  --research-paper-deep: #e8e1d4;
  --research-gold: #c7a45b;
  --research-line: rgba(13, 26, 33, 0.16);
}

.reading-progress {
  position: fixed;
  inset: 0 0 auto;
  z-index: 1000;
  height: 3px;
  pointer-events: none;
}

.reading-progress span {
  display: block;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
  transform: scaleX(0);
  transform-origin: left;
  background: var(--research-gold);
}

.page-research-article {
  color: var(--research-ink);
  background: var(--research-paper);
  font-family: "Public Sans", sans-serif;
}

.page-research-index {
  color: var(--research-ink);
  background: var(--research-paper);
  color-scheme: light;
  font-family: "Public Sans", sans-serif;
}

.page-research-index .site-header {
  background: rgba(242, 239, 231, .96);
  border-bottom-color: var(--research-line);
}

.page-research-index .nav-menu li a { color: #26353d; }
.page-research-index .nav-menu li a:hover,
.page-research-index .nav-menu li a:focus-visible,
.page-research-index .nav-menu li a.active { color: #7a561d; }

.research-index-main { overflow: hidden; }

.research-index-intro {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.35fr) minmax(260px, .65fr);
  gap: clamp(2rem, 7vw, 7rem);
  align-items: end;
  padding-top: clamp(4rem, 9vw, 8.5rem);
  padding-bottom: clamp(3rem, 7vw, 6rem);
}

.research-index-intro h1 {
  max-width: 900px;
  margin: 0;
  color: var(--research-ink);
  font-family: "Cormorant Garamond", Georgia, serif;
  font-size: clamp(3.5rem, 7.4vw, 7.25rem);
  font-weight: 600;
  line-height: .84;
  letter-spacing: -.055em;
  text-wrap: balance;
}

.research-index-intro__copy {
  padding-bottom: .45rem;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line);
}

.research-index-intro__copy p {
  margin: 0;
  color: #3d4a51;
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.7;
}

.research-index-intro__copy span {
  display: block;
  margin-top: 1.4rem;
  padding-top: 1rem;
  color: #6c551f;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--research-line);
  font-size: .68rem;
  font-weight: 800;
  letter-spacing: .1em;
  line-height: 1.5;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.page-research-article .site-header {
  background: rgba(242, 239, 231, 0.96);
  border-bottom-color: var(--research-line);
}

.research-hero {
  position: relative;
  min-height: min(760px, calc(100svh - 82px));
  overflow: hidden;
  color: #fff;
  background: #10181d;
}

.research-hero__image,
.research-hero__veil {
  position: absolute;
  inset: 0;
  width: 100%;
  height: 100%;
}

.research-hero__image {
  object-fit: cover;
  object-position: center 54%;
  animation: research-image-in 1.5s cubic-bezier(.2,.65,.25,1) both;
}

.research-hero__veil {
  background:
    linear-gradient(90deg, rgba(4, 13, 18, 0.95) 0%, rgba(4, 13, 18, 0.78) 44%, rgba(4, 13, 18, 0.16) 78%),
    linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(4, 13, 18, 0.72) 0%, transparent 42%);
}

.research-hero__inner {
  position: relative;
  z-index: 1;
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
  justify-content: flex-end;
  min-height: inherit;
  padding-top: clamp(7rem, 17vh, 12rem);
  padding-bottom: clamp(2rem, 6vw, 4.5rem);
}

.research-hero__copy {
  max-width: 1020px;
  animation: research-copy-in .9s .12s cubic-bezier(.2,.65,.25,1) both;
}

.research-hero__eyebrow,
.research-section__kicker,
.research-feature__eyebrow {
  margin: 0 0 1rem;
  color: var(--research-gold);
  font-size: .72rem;
  font-weight: 800;
  letter-spacing: .17em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.research-hero h1 {
  max-width: 1000px;
  margin: 0;
  color: #fff;
  font-family: "Cormorant Garamond", Georgia, serif;
  font-size: clamp(3.25rem, 6.25vw, 5.65rem);
  font-weight: 600;
  line-height: .92;
  letter-spacing: -.045em;
  text-wrap: balance;
}

.research-hero__dek {
  max-width: 690px;
  margin: 1.6rem 0 0;
  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .82);
  font-size: clamp(1rem, 1.45vw, 1.24rem);
  line-height: 1.62;
}

.research-hero__meta {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  gap: .55rem 1.2rem;
  margin-top: 1.8rem;
  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .66);
  font-size: .78rem;
}

.research-hero__meta a { color: #fff; font-weight: 700; }
.research-hero__meta span { position: relative; }
.research-hero__meta span::before { content: "·"; position: absolute; left: -.75rem; }

.research-hero__caption {
  align-self: flex-end;
  margin: 2rem 0 0;
  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .48);
  font-size: .67rem;
}

.research-layout {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(150px, 220px) minmax(0, 760px);
  gap: clamp(3rem, 8vw, 8.5rem);
  justify-content: center;
  padding-top: clamp(4rem, 8vw, 7.5rem);
  padding-bottom: clamp(5rem, 9vw, 9rem);
}

.research-rail {
  position: sticky;
  top: 7.5rem;
  align-self: start;
  padding-top: .45rem;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--research-line);
}

.research-rail > p {
  margin: 1rem 0 1.3rem;
  color: var(--research-ink-soft);
  font-size: .68rem;
  font-weight: 800;
  letter-spacing: .14em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

.research-rail nav { display: grid; gap: .85rem; }
.research-rail nav a { color: var(--research-ink-soft); font-size: .8rem; line-height: 1.4; }
.research-rail nav a:hover,
.research-rail nav a:focus-visible { color: #000; transform: translateX(3px); }
.research-rail__back { display: inline-block; margin-top: 2rem; color: var(--research-ink); font-size: .76rem; font-weight: 800; }

.research-body { min-width: 0; }

.research-body__standfirst {
  margin: 0 0 4.5rem;
  font-family: "Cormorant Garamond", Georgia, serif;
  font-size: clamp(1.8rem, 3.4vw, 2.65rem);
  font-weight: 600;
  line-height: 1.18;
  letter-spacing: -.025em;
}

.research-body section {
  scroll-margin-top: 7rem;
  margin-top: 5.5rem;
}

.research-body section:first-of-type { margin-top: 0; }

.research-body h2 {
  max-width: 700px;
  margin: 0 0 1.6rem;
  font-family: "Cormorant Garamond", Georgia, serif;
  font-size: clamp(2.25rem, 5vw, 3.85rem);
  font-weight: 600;
  line-height: 1;
  letter-spacing: -.035em;
  text-wrap: balance;
}

.research-body h3 {
  margin: .35rem 0 .65rem;
  color: var(--research-ink);
  font-size: 1.08rem;
  line-height: 1.35;
}

.research-body p,
.research-numbered,
.research-checklist {
  color: var(--research-ink-soft);
  font-size: 1rem;
  line-height: 1.82;
}

.research-body p + p { margin-top: 1.25rem; }
.research-body strong { color: var(--research-ink); }
.research-body a { color: var(--research-ink); text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-color: rgba(13, 26, 33, .35); text-underline-offset: .18em; }
.research-body a:hover,
.research-body a:focus-visible { text-decoration-color: var(--research-gold); }

.research-body blockquote {
  margin: 3rem 0;
  padding: 2.2rem 0 2rem clamp(1.5rem, 4vw, 3.3rem);
  border-top: 1px solid var(--research-line);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line);
  border-left: 3px solid var(--research-gold);
}

.research-body blockquote p {
  margin: 0;
  color: var(--research-ink);
  font-family: "Cormorant Garamond", Georgia, serif;
  font-size: clamp(2rem, 4vw, 3rem);
  font-weight: 600;
  line-height: 1;
}

.research-body blockquote cite { display: block; margin-top: 1rem; font-size: .72rem; font-style: normal; }

.signal-list { margin-top: 2.5rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--research-line); }
.signal-list > div { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 100px 1fr; column-gap: 1.5rem; padding: 1.75rem 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line); }
.signal-list span { grid-row: 1 / span 2; padding-top: .3rem; color: #8a6b2f; font-size: .67rem; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: .12em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.signal-list p { margin: 0; }

.research-body .research-break {
  margin: 6rem 0;
  padding: clamp(2.2rem, 5vw, 4rem);
  color: #fff;
  background: var(--research-ink);
}

.research-break p { margin: 0 0 1rem; color: var(--research-gold); font-size: .67rem; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: .14em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.research-break strong { display: block; color: #fff; font-family: "Cormorant Garamond", Georgia, serif; font-size: clamp(2.25rem, 5vw, 4rem); font-weight: 600; line-height: .98; }
.research-break span { display: block; max-width: 580px; margin-top: 1.4rem; color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .67); line-height: 1.7; }

.research-numbered,
.research-checklist { margin: 2rem 0; padding: 0; list-style: none; counter-reset: research-list; }
.research-numbered li,
.research-checklist li { position: relative; padding: 1.15rem 0 1.15rem 3rem; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line); }
.research-numbered li { counter-increment: research-list; }
.research-numbered li::before { content: "0" counter(research-list); position: absolute; left: 0; top: 1.32rem; color: #8a6b2f; font-size: .72rem; font-weight: 800; }
.research-checklist li::before { content: "—"; position: absolute; left: 0; color: #8a6b2f; font-weight: 800; }

.research-body .research-conclusion { padding-top: 4rem; border-top: 3px solid var(--research-ink); }

.research-sources { padding-top: 3rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--research-line); }
.research-sources ul { margin: 2rem 0 0; padding: 0; list-style: none; }
.research-sources li { padding: .85rem 0; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line); font-size: .82rem; line-height: 1.5; }
.research-sources__note { margin-top: 1.5rem; font-size: .75rem !important; }

.research-author {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 96px 1fr;
  gap: 1.5rem;
  align-items: center;
  margin-top: 5rem;
  padding-top: 2rem;
  border-top: 1px solid var(--research-line);
}
.research-author img { width: 96px; height: 96px; object-fit: cover; filter: grayscale(1); }
.research-author p { margin: 0 0 .25rem; color: #8a6b2f; font-size: .65rem; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: .12em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.research-author h2 { margin: 0; font-size: 1.75rem; }
.research-author span { display: block; margin-top: .35rem; color: var(--research-ink-soft); font-size: .8rem; line-height: 1.55; }
.research-author__links { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 1.2rem; margin-top: .8rem; font-size: .75rem; font-weight: 800; }

.research-hero--graphic {
  --article-accent: var(--research-gold);
  isolation: isolate;
  background: #0b151a;
}

.research-hero--graphic::before,
.research-hero--graphic::after {
  position: absolute;
  z-index: -1;
  content: "";
  pointer-events: none;
}

.research-hero--graphic::before {
  inset: 0 0 0 54%;
  border-left: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .12);
  background: #111f26;
}

.research-hero--graphic::after {
  right: 6vw;
  bottom: 0;
  width: min(32vw, 480px);
  height: 62%;
  border: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);
  border-bottom: 0;
}

.research-hero--graphic .research-hero__copy { max-width: min(900px, 64vw); }
.research-hero--graphic .research-hero__caption { max-width: 360px; text-align: right; }

.research-hero__art {
  position: absolute;
  right: clamp(1.5rem, 7vw, 8rem);
  top: 50%;
  z-index: -1;
  display: grid;
  width: min(34vw, 500px);
  transform: translateY(-48%);
  color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .12);
  font-family: "Public Sans", sans-serif;
  line-height: 1;
  text-align: right;
}

.research-hero__art-index,
.research-hero__art-label {
  color: var(--article-accent);
  font-size: .65rem;
  font-weight: 800;
  letter-spacing: .2em;
}

.research-hero__art-index { padding-bottom: 1rem; border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .14); }
.research-hero__art strong { margin: .18em 0 .1em; font-size: clamp(7rem, 16vw, 15rem); font-weight: 500; letter-spacing: -.09em; }
.research-hero__art-label { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .6); }

.research-hero__bars {
  display: flex;
  gap: 4px;
  align-items: end;
  justify-content: end;
  height: 72px;
  margin-top: 2rem;
  padding-top: 1rem;
  border-top: 1px solid rgba(255, 255, 255, .12);
}

.research-hero__bars span { width: 7%; height: var(--bar); background: var(--article-accent); opacity: .55; }

.research-related { padding-top: 3rem; border-top: 1px solid var(--research-line); }
.research-related__list { border-top: 1px solid var(--research-line); }
.research-related__item {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 110px 1fr 24px;
  gap: 1rem;
  align-items: center;
  padding: 1.35rem 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line);
  text-decoration: none !important;
}
.research-related__item span { color: #8a6b2f; font-size: .66rem; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: .1em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.research-related__item strong { font-family: "Cormorant Garamond", Georgia, serif; font-size: 1.35rem; line-height: 1.1; }
.research-related__item i { color: #8a6b2f; font-style: normal; text-align: right; transition: transform .2s ease; }
.research-related__item:hover i,
.research-related__item:focus-visible i { transform: translate(2px, -2px); }

.research-feature {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.16fr) minmax(310px, .84fr);
  max-width: 1180px;
  margin: 0 auto clamp(2rem, 5vw, 4rem);
  overflow: hidden;
  color: #fff;
  background: #0d1a21;
}

.research-feature__media { position: relative; min-height: 360px; overflow: hidden; }
.research-feature__media::after { content: ""; position: absolute; inset: 0; background: linear-gradient(90deg, transparent 60%, rgba(13, 26, 33, .38)); }
.research-feature__media img { width: 100%; height: 100%; object-fit: cover; transition: transform .7s cubic-bezier(.2,.65,.25,1); }
.research-feature:hover .research-feature__media img { transform: scale(1.025); }
.research-feature__copy { display: flex; flex-direction: column; justify-content: center; padding: clamp(2rem, 4.5vw, 4.2rem); }
.research-feature__copy h2 { margin: 0; font-family: "Cormorant Garamond", Georgia, serif; font-size: clamp(2.2rem, 4vw, 3.7rem); font-weight: 600; line-height: .98; letter-spacing: -.035em; }
.research-feature__copy h2 a { color: #fff; }
.research-feature__copy > p:not(.research-feature__eyebrow) { margin: 1.3rem 0 0; color: rgba(255, 255, 255, .67); line-height: 1.65; }
.research-feature__cta { align-self: flex-start; margin-top: 1.6rem; padding-bottom: .35rem; color: #fff; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-gold); font-size: .78rem; font-weight: 800; }
.research-feature__cta span { display: inline-block; transition: transform .2s ease; }
.research-feature__cta:hover span { transform: translate(2px, -2px); }

.research-library {
  max-width: 1180px;
  margin: 0 auto clamp(4rem, 8vw, 7rem);
  padding-top: clamp(3rem, 6vw, 5rem);
  color: var(--research-ink);
  border-top: 3px solid var(--research-ink);
}

.research-library__head {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.25fr) minmax(260px, .75fr);
  gap: clamp(2rem, 6vw, 6rem);
  align-items: end;
  margin-bottom: 2.5rem;
}

.research-library__head h2 {
  max-width: 760px;
  margin: 0;
  color: var(--research-ink);
  font-family: "Cormorant Garamond", Georgia, serif;
  font-size: clamp(2.7rem, 5.2vw, 4.9rem);
  font-weight: 600;
  line-height: .92;
  letter-spacing: -.045em;
}

.research-library__head > p { margin: 0; color: #46545b; font-size: .88rem; line-height: 1.7; }
.research-library__list { border-top: 1px solid var(--research-line); }
.research-library__item {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 155px minmax(0, 1fr) 32px;
  gap: clamp(1.5rem, 4vw, 4rem);
  align-items: start;
  padding: 1.8rem 0;
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line);
}

.research-library__item > p { margin: .2rem 0 0; color: #79561e; font-size: .68rem; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: .1em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.research-library__item > p span { display: inline-block; min-width: 2.6rem; color: #657179; }
.research-library__item h3 { margin: 0; font-family: "Cormorant Garamond", Georgia, serif; font-size: clamp(1.55rem, 2.6vw, 2.3rem); font-weight: 600; line-height: 1.02; }
.research-library__item h3 a { color: var(--research-ink); }
.research-library__item h3 a:hover,
.research-library__item h3 a:focus-visible { color: #6f4c17; }
.research-library__item div p { max-width: 760px; margin: .75rem 0 0; color: #46545b; font-size: .82rem; line-height: 1.65; }
.research-library__arrow { color: #79561e; font-size: 1.15rem; text-align: right; transition: transform .2s ease; }
.research-library__item:hover .research-library__arrow,
.research-library__item:focus-within .research-library__arrow { transform: translate(2px, -2px); }

.research-index-feature { margin-bottom: clamp(4rem, 9vw, 8rem); }

.research-live-bridge {
  margin-top: clamp(5rem, 10vw, 9rem);
  color: #f7f4ec;
  background: #10212c;
}

.research-live-bridge__inner {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, 1.25fr) minmax(260px, .75fr) auto;
  gap: clamp(2rem, 5vw, 5rem);
  align-items: end;
  padding-top: clamp(3.5rem, 7vw, 6rem);
  padding-bottom: clamp(3.5rem, 7vw, 6rem);
}

.research-live-bridge h2 {
  max-width: 720px;
  margin: 0;
  color: #fff;
  font-family: "Cormorant Garamond", Georgia, serif;
  font-size: clamp(2.5rem, 5vw, 4.8rem);
  font-weight: 600;
  line-height: .94;
  letter-spacing: -.04em;
}

.research-live-bridge__inner > p {
  margin: 0;
  color: #c8d3d9;
  font-size: .9rem;
  line-height: 1.7;
}

.research-live-bridge__inner > a {
  display: inline-flex;
  gap: .6rem;
  align-items: center;
  padding-bottom: .35rem;
  color: #fff;
  border-bottom: 1px solid #d5af61;
  font-size: .75rem;
  font-weight: 800;
  letter-spacing: .08em;
  text-transform: uppercase;
  white-space: nowrap;
}

.research-credibility {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: minmax(0, .72fr) minmax(0, 1.28fr);
  gap: clamp(2rem, 7vw, 7rem);
  padding-top: clamp(4rem, 8vw, 7rem);
  padding-bottom: clamp(4rem, 8vw, 7rem);
}

.research-credibility h2 {
  max-width: 520px;
  margin: 0;
  color: var(--research-ink);
  font-family: "Cormorant Garamond", Georgia, serif;
  font-size: clamp(2.35rem, 4.2vw, 4rem);
  font-weight: 600;
  line-height: .95;
  letter-spacing: -.035em;
}

.research-credibility__links { border-top: 1px solid var(--research-line); }
.research-credibility__links a {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 112px 1fr 24px;
  gap: 1rem;
  align-items: center;
  padding: 1.5rem 0;
  color: var(--research-ink);
  border-bottom: 1px solid var(--research-line);
}
.research-credibility__links span { color: #79561e; font-size: .66rem; font-weight: 800; letter-spacing: .1em; text-transform: uppercase; }
.research-credibility__links strong { font-family: "Cormorant Garamond", Georgia, serif; font-size: 1.45rem; line-height: 1.1; }
.research-credibility__links i { color: #79561e; font-style: normal; text-align: right; transition: transform .2s ease; }
.research-credibility__links a:hover i,
.research-credibility__links a:focus-visible i { transform: translate(2px, -2px); }

@keyframes research-copy-in {
  from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(24px); }
  to { opacity: 1; transform: none; }
}

@keyframes research-image-in {
  from { opacity: .55; transform: scale(1.045); }
  to { opacity: 1; transform: scale(1); }
}

@media (max-width: 900px) {
  .research-index-intro,
  .research-live-bridge__inner,
  .research-credibility { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .research-live-bridge__inner { align-items: start; }
  .research-live-bridge__inner > a { justify-self: start; }
  .research-layout { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .research-rail { position: static; display: none; }
  .research-feature { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .research-feature__media { min-height: 300px; }
  .research-feature__media::after { background: linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(13, 26, 33, .55), transparent 55%); }
  .research-hero--graphic .research-hero__copy { max-width: 82vw; }
  .research-hero__art { right: 3vw; width: 45vw; opacity: .72; }
  .research-library__head { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
}

@media (max-width: 640px) {
  .research-index-intro { padding-top: 3.5rem; padding-bottom: 2.6rem; }
  .research-index-intro h1 { font-size: clamp(3.1rem, 17vw, 5rem); }
  .research-hero { min-height: calc(100svh - 72px); }
  .research-hero__veil { background: linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(4, 13, 18, .95) 0%, rgba(4, 13, 18, .64) 70%, rgba(4, 13, 18, .28)); }
  .research-hero__inner { padding-top: 7rem; padding-bottom: 1.4rem; }
  .research-hero h1 { font-size: clamp(2.8rem, 14vw, 4.2rem); line-height: .92; }
  .research-hero__dek { font-size: .94rem; line-height: 1.55; }
  .research-hero__meta { gap: .45rem 1rem; }
  .research-hero__caption { display: none; }
  .research-layout { padding-top: 3.5rem; }
  .research-body__standfirst { margin-bottom: 3.5rem; }
  .research-body section { margin-top: 4rem; }
  .signal-list > div { grid-template-columns: 1fr; }
  .signal-list span { grid-row: auto; }
  .research-author { grid-template-columns: 72px 1fr; }
  .research-author img { width: 72px; height: 72px; }
  .research-feature { margin-right: 0; margin-left: 0; }
  .research-feature__media { min-height: 220px; }
  .research-feature__copy { padding: 2rem 1.35rem 2.4rem; }
  .research-hero--graphic::before { left: 62%; }
  .research-hero--graphic::after { right: -12vw; width: 70vw; }
  .research-hero--graphic .research-hero__copy { max-width: 100%; }
  .research-hero__art { top: 28%; right: -8vw; width: 78vw; opacity: .5; }
  .research-hero__art strong { font-size: clamp(7rem, 36vw, 11rem); }
  .research-related__item { grid-template-columns: 1fr 24px; }
  .research-related__item span { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
  .research-library { margin-right: 1rem; margin-left: 1rem; }
  .research-library__item { grid-template-columns: 1fr 24px; gap: .8rem 1rem; }
  .research-library__item > p { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
  .research-live-bridge__inner { gap: 1.5rem; }
  .research-credibility__links a { grid-template-columns: 1fr 24px; }
  .research-credibility__links span { grid-column: 1 / -1; }
}

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  .research-hero__image,
  .research-hero__copy { animation: none; }
  .research-feature__media img,
  .research-feature__cta span,
  .research-rail nav a,
  .research-related__item i,
  .research-library__arrow,
  .research-credibility__links i { transition: none; }
}